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Abraham, audience, Christian, epistle of James, Israel of God, James, Jesus, New Testament, Old Testament, redeemed, twelve tribes
Day 2: Are You Numbered among the Twelve Tribes?
Greetings to the twelve tribes scattered all over the world. (James 1:1b, CEV)
Reflection
Every letter has an intended audience. Having introduced himself as “James, a servant of God and of our Lord Jesus Christ,” James now goes on to identify his audience as “the twelve tribes scattered all over the world.”
So, who is James addressing? Who are these twelve tribes?
If you have read the Old Testament scriptures the answer to that question appears to be obvious. The twelve tribes are the descendants of the patriarch Jacob, whom the LORD renamed Israel after he wrestled with God at Peniel. (See Genesis 32:27-30.) More specifically the twelve tribes are the descendants of Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Zebulan, Issachar, Dan, Gad, Asher, Naphtali, Joseph, and Benjamen. (See Genesis 49:1-28.)
So then, the Epistle of James is addressed solely to the descendants of Israel. But is this narrow interpretation correct? If so, this letter from James and the teaching found therein has no bearing on me. I am not a descendant of the twelve tribes. Why then is this epistle included in the New Testament canon? Does this phrase the twelve tribes scattered all over the world have a broader meaning?
There is ample evidence to suggest that the phrase “twelve tribes” is inclusive of all Christian believers regardless of race or nationality. Under the new covenant ushered in by Jesus, followers of Christ are the new Israel of God (Galatians 6:14–16).
The view that the phrase “twelve tribes scattered all over the world” is a description of the church as the new Israel is strengthened by Peter’s use of a similar phrase in 1 Peter 1:1. Peter addresses his letter to “the exiles of the Dispersion” (RSV) or scattering.
The point being made here is that the apostles saw all those who were redeemed by Christ as heirs of the new kingdom that he was establishing. This new kingdom is the “Israel of God” which James metaphorically calls the “twelve tribes” of the dispersion. According to Paul, the new converts are all the children of Abraham by faith. Thus, it includes all the redeemed who have put their faith in Jesus Christ, both Jew and Gentile.
“Understand, then, that those who have faith are children of Abraham” (Galatians 3:7).
It logically follows that the Epistle of James is addressed to Christian believers everywhere and for all time.
Response
Lord God, thank you for including me in the Israel of God by your grace through faith in the redeeming work of Jesus Christ your Son. I praise you as a citizen of your heavenly kingdom. Amen.
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